Para além dos quadros tradicionais: as mulheres, o direito e as alterações climáticas. Percepções da conferência “Mulheres e Alterações Climáticas”: Co-criação para uma Transição Justa"

1. Introduction
The present article provides a perspective on the outcomes of the conference “Women and Climate Change: Co-Creation for a Fair Transition”, which was held in October 2024 at the Athens Law Faculty (UOA). It aims to build on these discussions to present a piece that connects gender equality, climate change, legal aspects and using methodologies of public engagement and science communication while offering an interdisciplinary point of view relevant to the European and international legal context of climate change ensuring climate governance is also shaped by the voices of those it affects the most. In this context, participatory and creative approaches to legal discourse have the ability to become a tool capable of expanding access to legal frameworks through engagement and dialogue.
A key objective of the conference was to bridge the gap between legal theory and practice by providing concrete examples of how legal mechanisms can be leveraged to protect women’s rights in the face of climate challenges. Four experts, namely two academics, one practitioner and one from an NGO, examined existing international, European and national legal frameworks each one through their unique perspective, assessing their approach to addressing gendered vulnerabilities to climate change^[1]. Special focus was given to environmental justice, litigation strategies, and legal instruments aimed at ensuring a fair transition—one that does not leave women behind but actively integrates their standpoints into climate governance.
This conference explored the multifaceted impacts of climate change on women, as a vulnerable group, by addressing both legal and social dimensions of climate action within the framework of a fair transition, while emphasizing accessibility to existing legal provisions and optimisation of their implementation. It also highlighted practical solutions and examples to foster a more equitable approach to climate challenges, while engaging the audience in meaningful dialogues about advancing environmental justice and empowering women in climate governance.
Beyond legal considerations, the conference emphasized the importance of fostering meaningful public engagement and created a space for dialogue among legal scholars, policymakers, activists and members of the public. This inclusive format aimed at demystifying legal protections, empower participants with knowledge of their rights, and encourage broader civic participation in climate governance.
Building on these rich discussions, this article seeks to contribute to an ongoing discourse on how legal and policy instruments can be mobilized to foster a fair and inclusive climate transition and explores how public engagement and science communication methodologies can expand and reinforce the role of law in advancing environmental justice for women.
 
2. Women and climate change: intersecting law and realities
Climate change is a global phenomenon whose repercussions are unevenly distributed among various social groups–and is not gender neutral. Its effects intensify existing inequalities, disproportionately impacting women and other vulnerable groups^[2]due to structural socio-economic disparities and systemic discrimination. Women in particular, face heightened vulnerability, not due to inherent factors, but because of socially ascribed roles and well-established economic and political structures that define their societal positions.
This section explores the legal dimensions of environmental justice and women’s rights as discussed at the conference. It introduces the complex interplay between climate change and gender, detailing how women face both social and legal challenges in an era of environmental upheaval^[3]. Drawing on insights from academics, lawyers and citizens of various horizons, it provides an accessible overview of the structural inequalities that amplify women's exposure to climate impacts through theoretical and empirical lenses, especially by leveraging legal frameworks. These issues cannot be fully addressed without also looking into how legal knowledge is communicated on behalf of the legal experts and received by the public – particularly by those most affected.
Nowadays there is evidence supporting that women are disproportionately affected by the multiple consequences of climate change^[4] in various aspects of their lives, both as individuals and as citizens. This is due to systemic inequalities that make them more vulnerable, particularly in terms of socio-economic and technical empowerment. Namely, women are often caught at the intersection of caregiving responsibilities, economic hardship, and limited access to essential healthcare services, including maternal and reproductive care.
Women's roles, shaped by social and political conventions, significantly influence their capacity to respond to environmental crises. These roles often render them more susceptible both economically and psychologically, while simultaneously restricting their access to essential resources and adaptive solutions. Economic and social inequities confine thus women to subordinate roles, while the escalating impacts of climate change intensify their challenges through increased exposure to resource scarcities and forced displacement.
Empirical evidence underscores this heightened vulnerability: women are disproportionately affected by natural disasters, more likely to experience energy poverty, and often prioritize immediate survival needs over participation in collective environmental actions. For instance, during events such as hurricanes or floods, women often encounter greater obstacles in evacuating, accessing emergency assistance and rebuilding their lives. Similarly, in the context of energy poverty, women leading single-parent households are disproportionately burdened by rising energy costs and the adverse health effects associated with inadequate housing conditions.​
This systemic vulnerability deepens existing inequalities, leaving many women without the support and resources necessary to protect their well-being and autonomy. In other words, already socially vulnerable, women are disproportionately affected by the consequences of climate change and struggle to enforce their right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment (UN general assembly resolution A/RES/76/300). This underscores the urgent need for immediate action.
A legal framework for addressing climate change has gradually developed as its negative impacts on humanity (and, subsequently, on the planet and ecosystems) became evident. For instance, just a few years ago, no one would have imagined the widespread presence of wind turbines, the ban on illuminated advertisements at night (as seen in France^[5]), or the possibility of taking legal action over excessive greenhouse gas emissions.
It is important to note that the international and European legal framework for addressing climate change is built on a series of coordinated agreements and policies aimed at limiting global warming and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, emphasises international cooperation, national commitments, and integrated policies promoting renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable development. At an international level, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in 1992, laid the foundation, followed by the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the landmark Paris Agreement (2015), which set the goal of keeping global temperature rise well below 2°C, ideally 1.5°C. In the European Union, climate action is driven by the European Green Deal^[6], which aims for climate neutrality by 2050. The EU has also adopted legally binding targets, such as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, under the “Fit for 55” package.
However, the fight against climate change is a shared competence, meaning that both the EU and its Member States can adopt legally binding acts even though its scope of action is limited by the principle of subsidiarity. ​Addressing this dual crisis is thus obstructed by structural barriers. Current public policies often fall short due to factors such as the prioritization of economic freedoms that limit State intervention in enforcing stern environmental regulations, the predominance of private interests that stifle collective solutions, and the pervasive issues of misinformation coupled with a lack of political resolve, which delay the pursuit of equitable transitions. A pertinent example is environmental regulation: while the reduction of chlorofluorocarbon emissions led to the restoration of the ozone layer (a challenge involving a limited number of industrial actors) mitigating global warming proves far more complex due to the diffuse and pervasive nature of greenhouse gas emissions, which is the main cause of climate change.
Addressing these challenges requires not only the establishment of robust legal structures but also the implementation of effective public communication strategies able to translate legal frameworks into accessible, actionable instruments.
 
 
3. Bridging women's legal protections and climate change: From vulnerability to mobilisation
This section outlines how the discussions during the conference, integrating legal theory, policy analysis, and social perspectives, highlighted strategies and legal instruments to mitigate climate change. It reviews practical solutions, case studies, and policy proposals that were presented, emphasizing how participatory methods such as interactive legal workshops where participants work alongside legal experts to explore rights using real – life examples and creative methodologies.  This approach helps shift the focus of discussions to scenarios that are more relatable to each participant, aiming to better demystify legal complexities and contribute to a fair transition.
Considering the goal of achieving a fair ecological transition inherent in top-down public policies, an approach centred on legal mechanisms and active citizen engagement becomes imperative, as this is about a global issue beyond borders. In that context, international and European law (but also national legal frameworks) not only address the challenges of climate change, but it is progressively acknowledging the differentiated impacts of climate change on vulnerable groups, including women.^[7] Judicial precedents in climate justice increasingly^[8] underscore the necessity of adopting human rights-based approaches.
It should be emphasized at this point that law is nothing more than the product of cultural evolution and social dynamics, a system of protective and functional rules designed to achieve harmonious coexistence within a specific spatial and temporal context, shaped by values, customs, and external conditions. As such, law holds a crucial role in addressing climate change and ensuring a fair transition, providing mechanisms for legal guarantees, action and response in situations that threaten fundamental rights. It serves as a structured tool upon which individuals and groups can rely to assert their rights, and by definition, it is fair, as the same rules apply to everyone equally.
Consequently, environmental protection and fair transition are inconceivable without the creation and implementation of rules that reflect collective will, serve the common good, and emerge from transparent processes. As a universal tool, though not always equally accessible to all, law plays thus a central role in achieving a fair ecological transition for everyone in multiple ways. It sets legal objectives to reduce CO₂ emissions on both national and global scales, imposes obligations on industries and commercial practices to ensure environmentally responsible production, prohibits the marketing of polluting products, raises consumer awareness (such as encouraging local and eco-friendly purchases), and provides avenues for legal action to prevent or remedy environmental damage and, specifically, climate change. Furthermore, it may establish the State’s liability and provide compensation to the victims.
In that context, we are faced with a dual challenge: on the one hand, tackling climate change itself, the root cause of several inequalities, and on the other hand, addressing social vulnerability, which is intensified in the context of climate change. Despite the robustness of these observations, a comprehensive and accessible legal framework is not yet sufficient, hindering the formulation of effective public policies. Many women still remain unaware of their vulnerability, the preventive actions they can undertake, and the legal instruments available to advocate for equitable and sustainable solutions.​ This may result from vulnerable women often being forced to focus first on escaping extreme material hardship or situations of physical or psychological violence before they can even begin to perceive the environmental context or take action within it.
Firstly, to respond to this challenge, fundamental rights, including environmental rights, must be guaranteed for all, with particular attention to marginalised groups, including women and individuals with feminine identities, who face heightened risks in a rapidly changing world. The State thus has a duty to intervene with positive actions to protect everyone and legal recourse before the courts is available, such as the annulment of administrative decisions that violate climate laws or lawsuits for compensation based on State liability (for example, for failing to meet international greenhouse gas reduction obligations or for the health impacts of climate change - L’affaire du siècle^[9]). Secondly by enabling public participation in shaping legal frameworks to address contemporary challenges like climate change, law is ensuring that people have a voice in decision-making and legislative processes (for example, public consultations for the French climate law—la convention citoyenne pour le climat^[10]).
Within this framework, progress is shaped as individual and collective efforts merge within specific social, cultural, and legal contexts to achieve key objectives. The initial phase involves acknowledging the abnormality of vulnerability and admitting the partial efficacy of legal norms. As the way legal knowledge is shared significantly affects participation, it is essential to understand the current legal and extra-legal tools available and assess their potential for equitable application across all societal segments. Utilising these tools for prevention, protection, remediation, and compensation is crucial; this activation may encompass implementing climate-specific measures or broader strategies aimed at combating discrimination, such as engaging with institutions, lodging administrative appeals and pursuing judicial remedies, including the surge in climate litigation cases.
At the forefront of climate litigation across the globe, a groundbreaking example is the case of Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz, a Swiss association comprising over 2,000 elderly women who, in 2020, filed a lawsuit against the Swiss government^[11]. They contended that the government's inadequate measures failed to protect citizens, particularly elderly women, from health risks associated with extreme heatwaves linked to climate change. This legal action sought to hold the State accountable for its failure to implement effective climate policies, framing the issue as one of national and global public interest affecting fundamental rights.​
Initially dismissed by Swiss courts on the grounds that climate change constitutes a matter of public interest rather than individual rights, the plaintiffs escalated their case to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). In a landmark ruling, the ECHR found that Switzerland had violated two key provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights: article 8, concerning the right to respect for private and family life, recognizing climate change as a serious threat to human rights, and article 6 § 1, pertaining to access to court, establishing that States have a legal duty to implement sufficient measures to protect citizens from climate-related risks. The ruling also granted financial compensation for the association’s legal expenses, reinforcing the notion that Switzerland had failed to fulfil its international obligations. 
This landmark decision underscores the judiciary's role in climate action, setting a precedent for collective lawsuits by citizen groups at an international and transnational level. It highlights the emergence of a new form of globalized legal activism, wherein determined individuals, such as these elderly women, are instrumental in shaping the fight against climate change through judicial avenues.​ This case also illustrates the power of accessible legal communication and organized civic mobilization. These dimensions can be fully strengthened through the kind of participatory engagement strategies described in this article including promoting active dialogue, collective storytelling, and encouragement to participate in community-based co-creation projects that can cultivate a sense of shared ownership and active involvement for both experts and non-experts.
Moreover, women play an active role in responding to climate change; they are key drivers of resilience, innovation, and climate action. In a world where climate mitigation efforts remain incomplete, women have assumed a catalytic role in socio-economic, cultural, and legal transitions. Their contributions are anchored in a systemic and holistic approach to resource management, characterized by sustainable practices and a profound awareness of ecological interdependencies. Recognizing, disseminating, and integrating these practices can serve as valuable sources of inspiration for policymakers and legislators. For example, women often play an important role in collecting food, depending on the environmental context, and consequently adapt their practices and choices to climatic conditions. As consumers and voters, women also possess the agency to influence markets and policy directions through their active participation in local initiatives. Active involvement of women in decision-making processes is thus vital for the development and enhancement of legal tools aimed at effectively mitigating the impacts of climate change. In this context, it is also of interest to explore how creative, community-driven approaches can complement and strengthen legal mechanisms.
The following section looks into collective and creative strategies, focusing on how co-creation can prompt dialogue and serve as a more personal tool of empowerment for climate action purposes.
 
 
4. A co-creative approach to legal and climate action
This section explores how collaborative activities grounded in everyday experiences—such as multimodal memory-sharing, storytelling as well as collaborative art-making—can serve as concrete tools to bridge the gap between complex legal language and public understanding. The focus will be the specific activity that took place during the conference “Women and Climate Change: Co-Creation for a Fair Transition” as well as the framework and research upon the activity was designed and inspired from. 
Recent research highlights the importance of science communication and public engagement in legal and regulatory contexts, emphasising the need to translate complex legal concepts for non-specialist audiences[12] and adopt innovative approaches to boost public understanding of scientific evidence in legal settings.[13] Researchers suggest moving beyond one-way information delivery toward more interactive models that invite public questioning, discussion, and shared meaning-making,[14] as public engagement initiatives are proving to be more impactful for building trust in regulatory bodies and improving the quality of scientific processes.[15] However, challenges remain in encouraging scientists to collaborate with professionals from different disciplines, such as law, education, biosciences, the arts or mathematics etc. Additionally, it seems to be even more complex to engage specialists representing the diverse disciplines in participating in activities that involves direct interaction with communities and the non-expert public. Initiatives like this event, along with the integration of interdisciplinary courses focusing on science communication in undergraduate and postgraduate university programs, contribute to building the skills and frameworks needed to support such cross-sector collaboration. 
More specifically on the topic, literature indicates that, traditional legal and policy discourses can be rigid and exclusionary, often discouraging meaningful participation from those most affected by environmental injustices. In response, ongoing efforts aim to strengthen public engagement with science and law through innovative, practice-based approaches. Among these ongoing efforts are experimental collaborations that integrate storytelling, creative expression, and legal reflection to make technical frameworks and specialist terminology more accessible to non-specialists. As Roosen et al. argue,[16] narrative-based engagement can evoke emotional resonance often absent from traditional legal texts and it was our hope that the conference Women and Climate Change: Co-Creation for a Fair Transition exemplified this shift for the Greek public, by blending legal analysis with personal narratives and visual representation.
This became evident during the conference. One of the introductory talks at the event explored the significance of collective memory and artistic co-creation in shaping legal and climate narratives. The talk introduced participants to how memory plays a fundamental role in shaping identity, justice, and decision-making processes by informing societal values and influencing how communities respond to legal and environmental challenges—particularly through attention to individuals’ and communities’ experiences of past and recent climate events, which shape their perceptions of future climate risks and responsibilities.[17] This discussion highlighted how creative methodologies serve as powerful tools for translating abstract principles into accessible, emotionally resonant experiences.[18] Engaging in such practices enables individuals to transform personal recollections into collective experiences, reinforcing cultural continuity while simultaneously fostering legal and social change.
This approach was further explored through the lens of traditional Greek folk art, which has historically functioned both as a mirror of dominant social norms and as a form of resistance to them. Participants were invited to reflect critically on how the storytelling embedded in folk songs and performances—often encountered during their formal or informal education—not only preserves historical realities but also shapes contemporary understandings of justice and equity.[19] In doing so, the activity also aimed to address early misconceptions about climate change that are frequently rooted in these same educational and cultural narratives.[20] By engaging with these forms of cultural expression, communities are empowered to question entrenched societal values and to embed evolving legal principles into the broader fabric of collective memory.
This process mirrors the necessary transformation of legal frameworks, which must continually adapt to reflect modern understandings of inclusivity, justice, and environmental responsibility. In line with this ethos, the conference incorporated an interactive component in which participants engaged directly with environmental issues and gender rights alongside legal experts in a more accessible, hands-on format.[21] They were then invited to express their lived experiences of the climate crisis—and the absence of responsive climate policies—through creative modalities such as poetry, drawing, and storytelling. This method deepened participants’ understanding of legal and environmental issues while fostering a shared narrative space that enabled them to initiate conversations from their own realities. In doing so, the legal discourse of the day was transformed into a collaborative and evolving process, rather than a static system imposed from above[22] and hopefully helped participants see how their actions relate to broader legal structures and environmental outcomes, reinforcing a shared sense of agency and purpose.
Fostering community-driven legal and climate action requires challenging the widespread belief that individual efforts have little impact on systemic environmental problems. A major barrier to climate action is this perception of insignificance.[23] The conference addressed this challenge by convening experts across disciplines alongside community participants to collaboratively explore legal responses to environmental issues. Through hands-on activities—such as the co-creation of legal storytelling projects grounded in participants’ personal experiences—abstract legal concepts were made more perceptible. This format enabled legal frameworks to be questioned, reinterpreted, and reimagined through lived experience, demonstrating that climate governance can and should be shaped by those most directly affected. 
True progress lies not just in legal reform but in how laws are communicated, embodied, and claimed. Grounding legal discourse in solidarity and lived experience shifts it away from top-down mandates and towards an inclusive, sustained form of civic engagement that values collective responsibility over isolated actions.
 
 
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(texto submetido a 16.04.2025 e aceite para publicação a 31.05.2025)

 

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[1] European Commission, Consequences of climate change (<https://climate.ec.europa.eu/climate-change/consequences-climate-change_en>) (31.05.2025).

[2] IPCC, Climate change 2023, synthésis report. 

[3] ΓΓΙΑΔ, Κλιματική Κρίση και Έμφυλη Ισότητα, 2024.

[4] WHEN, Κλιματική αλλαγή και έμφυλη ισότητα στη Μεσόγειο και την Ελλάδα, α’ μέρος, 2023.
WHEN, Κλιματική αλλαγή και έμφυλη ισότητα στη Μεσόγειο και την Ελλάδα, β’ μέρος, 2023.

[5] Décret n° 2022-1294 du 5 octobre 2022 portant modification de certaines dispositions du code de l'environnement relatives aux règles d'extinction des publicités lumineuses et aux enseignes lumineuses.

[6] European Commission, The European Green Deal. Striving to be the first climate-neutral continent,  (31.05.2025).

[7] IPCC, Climate change 2023, full volume.

[8] Climate Change Litigation Databases <https://climatecasechart.com/> (31.05.2025).

[9] Notre Affaire à Tous, L’affaire du siècle, <https://notreaffaireatous.org/actions/laffaire-du-siecle/> (31.05.2025).

[10] La Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat 2020 <https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr> (31.05.2025).

[11] ECHR, Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland, 53600/20, 9 April 2024.

[12] M. Chediek, “Enhancing Public Understanding of Legal Evidence”, Legal Science Communication, Issue 4, 2023.

[13] D. Doran, et al., “Trust and Engagement in the Regulatory Use of Science”, EFSA Journal, 17(7), 2019, e170717. 

[14] M.C. Nisbet & D.A. Scheufele, “What’s Next for Science Communication? Promising Directions and Lingering Distractions”, American Journal of Botany, 96(10), 2009, pp. 1767–1778; D. Brossard & B. Lewenstein, “A Critical Appraisal of Models of Public Understanding of Science: Using Practice to Inform Theory”, in Bucchi M. & Trench B. (eds.), Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology, Routledge, 2009.

[15] R.D.J. Smith, et al., “Building Trust in Science: Evidence and Public Engagement”, EFSA Journal, 17(7), 2019.

[16] J. Roosen, et al., “Storytelling as a Tool for Sustainable Development,” Global Environmental Change, 28, 2018, pp. 208–218.

[17] W. Adger, S. Dessai, M. Goulden, M. Hulme, I. Lorenzoni, D. Nelson, L. Naess, J. Wolf, A. Wreford, “Are There Social Limits to Adaptation to Climate Change?”, Climatic Change, 2009.

[18] J. Roosen, et al., “Storytelling as a Tool for Sustainable Development,” Global Environmental Change, 28, 2018, pp. 208–218; J.A. Fanuchowski-Hartley, et al., “Collective Memory and Climate Resilience”, Global Environmental Change, 101(562), 2024, 101562. 

[19] K. Fobear, “Queering Memory and National Belonging: Holocaust Remembrance in Berlin”, Journal of International Women’s Studies, 16(2), 2015, pp. 152–166.

[20] G. Liarakou, I. Athanasiadis & C. Gavrilakis, “What Greek Secondary School Students Believe about Climate Change?”, International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 6(1), 2011, pp. 79–98.

[21] J. David, D.J. Curtis, N. Reid & I. Reeve, Towards Ecological Sustainability: Observations on the Role of the Arts, S.A.P.I.EN.S, 7(1), 2014. Online since 01 July 2014.

[22] M. Hulmee, “Meet the Humanities”, Nature Climate Change, 1, 2011, pp. 177–179; M. Sommer, et al., Emotions in Climate Change Communication: A Systematic Review, Frontiers in Communication, 2021.

[23] J. Bohr, “Public perceptions of climate change and individual-level mitigation behaviors: Evidence from the European Union”, Climate Policy, 14(3), 2014, pp. 396–414