Farsat Rasool Ahmed / Bashdar Abdullah Mohammed / Bzhar Abdullah Ahmed / Talib Braim Sulaiman

Comparative experiments; comparative advertising; products; commercial fraud; unfair competition; compensation.

Comparative experiments involve research and laboratory studies that evaluate different products performing the same function in the market. These analyses are typically carried out by specialized and accredited institutions—such as industry publications or consumer protection organizations. They serve as a vital tool for providing consumers with objective and accurate information about available products. These comparisons are conducted for informational and educational purposes, not commercial gain, enabling consumers to make informed purchasing decisions. However, when comparative experiments lack neutrality or impartiality, their credibility is undermined. In Iraq and the Kurdistan Region, no national organization currently conducts such tests to educate consumers or protect them from substandard quality and commercial fraud. Additionally, there is an absence of legislative regulation covering comparative testing, whether within a dedicated legal framework or under broader consumer protection laws.

Manuel Domingos Alves Fernandes

Option contract; agreement to grant an option; irrevocable offer; unilateral preliminary contract; determinability of performance/obligation; specific performance Special Revitalization Procedure (PER).

This study aims to analyze the option contract and the promise of option to purchase, highlighting their validity requirements, distinctions from related figures (such as the irrevocable contractual offer and the preliminary contract), as well as their practical relevance in different contexts, namely within the Special Revitalization Procedure (PER). Firstly, the option contract is presented as an atypical but socially typical instrument, granting the beneficiary a potestative right to unilaterally form the definitive contract. The requirement of determinability of performance (Art. 280 CC) is emphasized, ensured by the supplementary rules on price determination (Art. 883 CC), thus avoiding nullity for indeterminacy. Secondly, the focus is placed on formal requirements (particularly in real estate transactions, where a notarial deed is required ad substantiam) and on the possibility of specific performance (Art. 830 CC) in option contracts, especially when the grantor refuses to execute the definitive contract.

Vitulia Ivone

AI; Personality; Responsibility; Sustainability.

The paper aims to reconstruct the regulatory framework on artificial intelligence and data processing by examining how European sources have qualified personality rights, civil liability profiles and digital transformation in relation to sustainability. The paper highlights the underlying issues and the limits of technology when it comes to personal rights.

Belén Lara Ros

Platform work; smart contracts; blockchain; Portuguese labour law; presumption of employment; Directive (EU) 2024/2831.

This chapter critically analyzes the Portuguese regulation of platform work, highlighting the gaps and shortcomings in adapting to technological transformations. It first presents the legal definition of employment contracts in the Portuguese Labour Code and reviews the recent reforms introduced by the “Agenda for Decent Work” (Law no. 13/2023), emphasizing the persistence of a formalistic approach insufficiently attuned to digital labor dynamics. The discussion addresses the legal presumption of employment in digital platforms and the lack of a regulatory framework for smart contracts, echoing the doctrinal criticism of Maria Regina Redinha regarding the disconnection between law and technological reality. The chapter compares Portuguese legislation with the new Directive (EU) 2024/2831, highlighting European advances in algorithmic labor protection and the ongoing challenges of interoperability, reversibility, and algorithmic auditability.

Enoque Silva e Silva / José Elisandro de Andrade / Poliana Macedo de Sousa / Davison Jaime Baia de Souza / Leandro de Oliveira Ferreira

Copyright, Intellectual Property; ECAD; Music Production; Brazilian Legislation; Law 9610/0998.

In Brazil, due to the development of electronic and digital technologies during the 20th century, Law No. 9,610 of February 19, 1998, which consolidates copyright legislation, was implemented in a way that consolidated several scattered regulations that existed until then into a single statute. This paper analyzes the legal and procedural aspects of registering and requesting authorization for the use of musical works due to copyright. Developed through bibliographic and documentary research, this article seeks to contribute to this debate, as it discusses issues related to music production, technologies, intellectual property, and copyright. The research also resulted in the creation of a digital booklet that organizes information so that artists, producers, and the general public can find specific and accessible information for the purposes of registering, protecting, or obtaining authorization for third-party musical works within the legal provisions of national copyright legislation.

Cláudia Lima Costa

Legal interpretation; Integration of loopholes; Imitation; Machine learning; Generative AI; Hybrid models.

A review of Ricardo Tavares da Silva, Interpretação Artificial: Sobre a Possibilidade de os Novos Sistemas de Inteligência Artificial fazerem Interpretação Jurídica, Coimbra, Almedina, 2025, 147 pp. (ISBN: 978 -989-40-2475-0)