THE STATE IN ACTION: REFORMS AND MODERNISATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

José Neves Cruz

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Abstract

The paper analyzes the evolution of State action and public administration reforms, highlighting the growing complexity of contemporary governance. It begins with the classical Weberian State model, grounded in bureaucracy, hierarchy, and legality—valued for its equity and continuity but criticized for its rigidity and inefficiency. New Public Management (NPM) emerged as a liberal response, introducing business-like principles, performance focus, and competition, yet faced criticism for fragmenting the public sector and weakening democratic legitimacy. The Neo-Weberian State (NWS) offers a synthesis, combining efficiency with public service values, reaffirming the role of the State and the public service ethos. Meanwhile, New Public Governance (NPG) emphasizes participation, co-production, and collaborative networks, fostering societal engagement. The study concludes that these models coexist in hybrid forms, marked by paradoxes and tensions, and that reform paths must be tailored to each country’s political, cultural, and social context.

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ISSN: 2975-836X